Rabindranath Tagore (Full Article)
Rabindranath Tagore
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Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941) was the youngest son of Debendranath Tagore, a leader of the Brahmo Samaj, which was a new religious sect in nineteenth-century Bengal and which attempted a revival of the ultimate monistic basis of Hinduism as laid down in the Upanishads. He was educated at home; and although at seventeen he was sent to England for formal schooling, he did not finish his studies there. In his mature years, in addition to his many-sided literary activities, he managed the family estates, a project which brought him into close touch with common humanity and increased his interest in social reforms. He also started an experimental school at Shantiniketan where he tried his Upanishadic ideals of education. From time to time he participated in the Indian nationalist movement, though in his own non-sentimental and visionary way; and Gandhi, the political father of modern India, was his devoted friend. Tagore was knighted by the ruling British Government in 1915, but within a few years he resigned the honour as a protest against British policies in India. Tagore had early success as a writer in his native Bengal. With his translations of some of his poems he became rapidly known in the West. In fact his fame attained a luminous height, taking him across continents on lecture tours and tours of friendship. For the world he became the voice of India's spiritual heritage; and for India, especially for Bengal, he became a great living institution. Although Tagore wrote successfully in all literary genres, he was first of all a poet. Among his fifty and odd volumes of poetry are Manasi (1890) [The Ideal One], Sonar Tari (1894) [The Golden Boat], Gitanjali (1910) [Song Offerings], Gitimalya (1914) [Wreath of Songs], and Balaka (1916) [The Flight of Cranes]. The English renderings of his poetry, which include The Gardener (1913), Fruit-Gathering (1916), and The Fugitive (1921), do not generally correspond to particular volumes in the original Bengali; and in spite of its title, Gitanjali: Song Offerings (1912), the most acclaimed of them, contains poems from other works besides its namesake. Tagore's major plays are Raja (1910) [The King of the Dark Chamber], Dakghar (1912) [The Post Office], Achalayatan (1912) [The Immovable], Muktadhara (1922) [The Waterfall], and Raktakaravi (1926) [Red Oleanders]. He is the author of several volumes of short stories and a number of novels, among them Gora (1910), Ghare-Baire (1916) [The Home and the World], and Yogayog (1929) [Crosscurrents]. Besides these, he wrote musical dramas, dance dramas, essays of all types, travel diaries, and two autobiographies, one in his middle years and the other shortly before his death in 1941. Tagore also left numerous drawings and paintings, and songs for which he wrote the music himself. From Nobel Lectures, Literature 1901-1967, Editor Horst Frenz, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1969 KABIKAHINI, 1878 - A Poet's Tale SADHYA SANGEET, 1882 - Evening Songs PRABHAT SANGEET, 1883 - Morning Songs BAU-THAKURANIR HAT, 1883 RAJASHI, 1887 RAJA O RANI, 1889 - The King and the Queen / Devouring Love VISARGAN, 1890 - Sacrifice MANASI, 1890 IUROPE-JATRIR DIARI, 1891, 1893 VALMIKI PRATIBHA, 1893 SONAR TARI, 1894 - The Golden Boat KHANIKA, 1900 - Moments KATHA, 1900 KALPANA, 1900 NAIVEDYA, 1901 NASHTANIR, 1901 - The Broken Nest SHARAN, 1902 BINODINI, 1902 CHOCHER BALI, 1903 - Eyesore NAUKADUBI, 1905 - Haaksirikko KHEYA, 1906 NAUKADUBI, 1906 - The Wreck GORA, 1907-09 - suom. SARADOTSAVA, 1908 - Autumn Festival GALPAGUCCHA, 1912 - A Bunch of Stories CHINNAPATRA, 1912 VIDAY-ABHISAP, 1912 - The Curse at Farewell GITANJALI, 1912 - Song Offerings (new translation in 2000 by Joen Winter, publ. Anvil Press) - Uhrilauluja JIBAN SMRTI, 1912 - My Reminiscenes - Elämäni muistoja , trans. by J. Hollo DAKGHAR, 1912 - Post Office The Crescent Moon, 1913 Glimpses of Bengal Life, 1913 The Hungry Stones and Other Stories, 1913 CHITRA, 1914 - transl. GHITIMALAYA, 1914 The King of the Dark Chamber, 1914 The Post Office, 1914 Sadhana, 1914 GHARE-BAIRE, 1916 - The Home and the World - Koti ja maailma BALAK, 1916 - A Flight of Swans CHATURANGA, 1916 - transl. Fruit Gathering, 1916 The Hungry Stones, 1916 Stray Birds, 1916 PERSONALITY, 1917 - Persoonallisuus The Cycle of Spring, 1917 Sacrifice, and Other Plays, 1917 My Reminiscene, 1917 Nationalism, 1917 Mashi and Other Stories, 1918 Stories from Tagore, 1918 PALATAKA, 1918 JAPAN-JATRI, 1919 - A Visit to Japan Greater India, 1921 The Fugitive, 1921 Creative Unity, 1921 LIPIKA, 1922 MUKTADHARA, 1922 - trans. Poems, 1923 Gora, 1924 Letters from Abroad, 1924 Red Oleander, 1924 GRIHAPRABESH, 1925 Broken Ties and Other Stories, 1925 Rabindranath Tagore: Twenty-Two Poems, 1925 RAKTA-KARABI, 1925 - Red Oleanders SADHANA, 1926 - suom. NATIR PUJA, 1926 - transl. Letters to a Friend, 1928 SESHER KAVITA, 1929 - Farewell, My Friend MAHUA, 1929 - The Herald of Spring JATRI, 1929 YAGAYOG, 1929 The Religion of Man, 1930 The Child, 1931 RASHIAR CHITHI, 1931 - Letters from Russia PATRAPUT, 1932 PUNASCHA, 1932 Mahatmahi and the Depressed Humanity, 1932 The Golden Boat, 1932 Sheaves, Poems and Songs, 1932 DUI BON, 1933 - Two Sisters CHANDALIKA, 1933 - transl. MALANCHA, 1934 - The Garden CHAR ADHYAYA, 1934 - Four Chapters BITHIKA, 1935 SHESH SAPTAK, 1935 PATRAPUT, 1936 SYAMALI, 1936 - trans. Collected Poems and Plays, 1936 KHAPCHARA, 1937 SEMJUTI, 1938 PRANTIK, 1938 PRAHASINI, 1939 PATHER SANCAY, 1939 AKASPRADIP, 1939 SYAMA, 1939 NABAJATAK, 1940 SHANAI, 1940 CHELEBELA, 1940 - My Boyhood Days ROGSHAJYAY, 1940 AROGYA, 1941 JANMADINE, 1941 GALPASALPA, 1941 Last Poems, 1941 The Parrots Training, 1944 Rolland and Tagore, 1945 Three Plays, 1950 Crisis in Civilization, 1950 Sheaves, 1951 More Stories from Tagore, 1951 A Tagore's Testament, 1955 Our Universe, 1958 The Runaway and Other Stories, 1959 Wings of Death, 1960 GITABITAN, 1960 A Tagore Reader, 1961 (ed. by Amiya Chakravarty) Towards Universal Man, 1961 On Art and Aesthetics, 1961 BICITRA, 1961 GALPAGUCCHA, 1960-62 (4 vols.) Boundless Sky, 1964 The Housewarming, 1964 RABINDRA-RACANABALI, 1964-1966 (27 vols.) Patraput, 1969 Imperfect Encounter, 1972 Later Poems, 1974 The Housewarming, 1977 Rabindranath Tagore: Selected Poems, 1985 Rabindranath Tagore: Selected Short Stories, 1991 (trans. by William Radice)
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